This book brings together insights from over a hundred experts in meteorology and climatology to expand existing knowledge of climate variability across the various timescales that shape weather patterns in South America, Africa, Australasia, and Antarctica.It describes the atmospheric circulation in the tropics and southern extratropics and puts into perspective its northern counterpart.The discovery of the different types of El Niño Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and trends in the Southern Annular Mode are a few examples of phenomena discussed.The chapters also examine the role of the oceans in the climate, highlight the impact of extreme events and observed changes, explore future projections in a warming world, and discuss the current state and challenges of climate modelling.This book will be a key resource for researchers and graduate students in meteorology, atmospheric science, and climatology, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.