In the age of climate change, is the communist hypothesis still relevant? Only a renewed communism, a communism for life - or a "biocommunism" - will enable us to move beyond the ecological crisis of late capitalism. Based on an original reading of founding texts of Marxism, the author launches a critique of the "ontological turn" in ecology. Against Bruno Latour or Donna Haraway, he develops a philosophy for green Marxism based on the centrality of land ownership. The history of societies and the history of nature are intertwined precisely because they have singular trajectories. In a new reading of Karl Marx's exchanges with the populist ‘terrorists’ in Russia, the cultural studies of Raymond Williams and the Marxism of José Carlos Mariátegui's and Ernst.